Product Tracking and Rating System Using DNA Tags

ABSTRACT

Material in a supply chain is tracked by a method of applying a DNA taggant set to a first batch of the material produced by a first supplier of the material. The DNA taggant set corresponds to a tag string corresponding to the first supplier. The first batch is aggregated with a second batch to create an aggregated lot. A sample is selected from the aggregated lot and tested to determine a DNA taggant set of the sample. After selecting a sample from the aggregated lot, the sample may be labeled with a grade and then placed in a receptacle corresponding to the grade.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/554,294, filed Aug. 28, 2019, entitled “Product Tracking and RatingSystem Using DNA Tags”.

This application incorporates by reference the entire disclosures of thefollowing application(s)/patent(s), as if set forth in full in thisdocument, for all purposes:

1) U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/723,974, filed Aug. 28,2018, entitled, “Product Tracking and Rating System Using DNA Tags”;

2) U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/870,011, filed Jul. 2,2019, entitled “Product Tracking and Rating System Using DNA Tags”;

3) U.S. Pat. No. 10,302,614, issued May 28, 2019, entitled “DNA BasedBar Code for Improved Food Traceability” issued to Zografos et al.(“Zografos I”); and

4) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/867,441, filed Jan. 10, 2018,entitled “Dispensing System for Applying DNA Taggants Used inCombinations to Tag Articles” issued to Zografos, et al. (“ZografosII”).

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure generally relates to facilitating the tracking ofa substance as it moves through a supply chain. The disclosure relatesmore particularly to apparatus and techniques for using DNA sequencesfor tracking a food material and identifying a food material by sourceafter the food material has been aggregated with other, similar foodmaterials.

BACKGROUND

Techniques for detecting sequences of DNA are known. In some approaches,a sample is prepared and an analysis process is applied to the sample tocause any DNA in the sample to replicate many times, sufficient forother processes to identify that a particular DNA sequence was presentin the sample. For example, if the sample is from a person, the DNA ofthe sample might be replicated and then the result tested for thepresence or lack of presence of a DNA sequence that is unique to aparticular person with some probability. In this manner, a sample mightbe matched to a person, within some probability.

This analysis process is useful for determining whether a particularspecies is present in a food or agricultural application. For example,there might be a DNA sequence that is unique to a species of nuts andthe analysis can replicate the DNA of a sample, including the endogenousDNA of the nuts, sufficient to determine whether or not the samplecontained any of those nuts.

In other variations, a DNA sequence that is not endogenous to contentsof the sample might be added. For example, synthetic oligonucleotidescan be added to a food product to allow that food product to be tracedfrom a source where the oligonucleotides were added to the point wherean analysis is done. The analysis, i.e., sampling, replicating,analyzing, would then be able to determine whether or not the foodproduct being tested came from that source. In either case, thisrequires considerable coordination, as an analysis system would have tobe aware of all of the possible synthetic oligonucleotides that arebeing tested for. If there are, say, thousands of sources, the samplingand analysis for each of those thousand sources can be difficult.

Zografos I describes how a set of independent DNA taggants might be usedto tag a food product or other item with a bit pattern by having eachDNA taggant in the set of independent DNA taggants represent a bit inthe bit pattern. Using that approach, N or 2N unique identifiers can beused and discerned with only N or 2N sampling steps needed, whileallowing for up to 2^(N) unique identifiers with those taggants. In someapproaches, the presence of a particular DNA taggant set represents a“1” and the absence of that particular DNA taggant set represents a “0”(the case where of the N taggants, each is used or not used) or thepresence of a second particular DNA taggant set represents a “0” (thecase where, of 2N taggants, N are used). Each set of taggants of the DNAtaggants in the taggant set is preferably such that they arebiologically inert so as to not interfere with their consumption as partof a food product.

Zografos II describes a dispensing system for DNA taggants. The systemcomprises a plurality of taggant vessels, each having a taggantcorresponding to a position in a tag string. A computer controllerconverts the tag string into a selection of a taggants by using valvesto allow or block the flow of taggants to a manifold output tube. Fromthe output tube, a mix of the taggants flow to form a dispersant formedaccording to the tag string. A nozzle disperses the dispersant onto anobject to be tagged, possibly atomized with air or mixed with a carrierfluid, such as ethanol. The taggant can comprise a DNA taggantcomprising a static portion and a dynamic portion that is unique to eachtag string position.

Multiple sources may produce similar food products that are aggregatedtogether for shipping or manufacturing. By the time the food productreaches a user, it may be impossible to ascertain which component lot ofa larger shipment came from which supplier. The suppliers may produceproducts having different levels of quality, but rating the food productby provider may be impossible after aggregation. A method ofdistinguishing a food product's source after aggregation would bebeneficial.

SUMMARY

A method tracks material in a supply chain by applying a DNA taggant setto a first batch of the material produced by a first supplier of thematerial. A DNA taggant set might comprise one or more DNA taggantsselected from among a plurality of DNA taggants wherein an associationis recorded between which DNA taggants are selected and particularvalues in particular positions in a tag string that the DNA taggant setis intended to represent. In a specific example, a tag string is abinary string that can be represented by N bits each having one of Npositions in the tag string and the DNA taggant set that is associatedwith a particular tag string comprises an aggregation of DNA taggantsselected from among a plurality of N DNA taggants, with a value of agiven bit of the tag string represented by whether or not theaggregation includes the DNA taggant associated with that given bit. ADNA taggant might be a small DNA sequence that is genetically inactive,but identifiable and a DNA taggant set might comprise a plurality ofselected DNA taggants that are aggregated but need not be combined suchthat all of the DNA taggants in the set form a single DNA chain andinstead could be an aggregation of unconnected DNA snippets.

When used for tracking suppliers, the DNA taggant set can correspond toa tag string that is associated with the first supplier. A sample can betaken from batch of material and tested to determine a DNA taggant setused on that material, and in checking with prerecorded associations ofDNA taggant selections and suppliers, the supplier of the sample can beeasily identified.

The DNA taggant set may be applied by applying, for example, byspraying, the DNA taggant of the taggant set onto the batch of thematerial with an applicator, such as, for example, a sprayer, that mightbe capable of applying multiple DNA taggant sets. The DNA taggants maybe selected from many DNA taggants to determine the DNA taggant set.After applying the DNA taggant set to the first batch of material, asecond DNA taggant set may be selected and applied to a second batch.After selecting a sample from an aggregated lot comprising the firstbatch and the second batch, the sample may be labeled with a grade andthen placed in a receptacle corresponding to the grade, wherein thegrade is represented by a previously recorded association with thebatch. At a different location, the graded sample may be tested todetermine the DNA taggant set.

The DNA taggant set may comprise a taggant material including at least Nunique DNA snippets used as taggants, representing N digits of a tagstring that identifies the batch of the material, N being a positiveinteger greater than 1, wherein each of the at least N unique of DNAsnippets represents one value of a corresponding one of the N digits ofthe tag string. The tag string could be recorded in a database, onpaper, or using some formula, or using other methods, so as to associatea tag string with other information, such as a particular supplier. TheDNA snippets applied to the item may be detected to derive a bar codethat is compared to a predetermined bar code to identify the firstbatch. The DNA bar code may include at least N unique specific targetfragments of synthetic DNA, wherein each of the at least N uniquespecific target fragments of synthetic DNA corresponds to a binary valueof zero or a binary value of one. In some implementations, a tag stringcomprises N characters, where N is greater than one, each characterhaving a position and having one of M values, allowing for up to N^(M)distinct tag strings and a DNA taggant set associated with a specifictag string comprises a selection of DNA taggants selected by selecting,for each of the N characters, a DNA snippet associated with the value ofthat character. In some cases, the DNA snippets are selected from amongN*M available snippets, but might also be selected from among N*(M−1)snippets in cases where one of the M values for a character isrepresented by an absence of any of the other DNA taggants associatedwith the other M−1 possible values for that character.

Associations indicating which DNA snippet sequence corresponds to whichcharacter position in a tag string and which character value at thatposition might be stored in a database that is publicly available or notpublicly available. Associations indicating which suppliers areassociated with which tag strings might be stored in a database that ispublicly available or not publicly available. In other variations,associations might be algorithmically defined. In one specific example,N=28, M=2 and a database is maintained that stores associations of up to2²⁸ tag strings with individual supplier identities. In another specificexample, N=100, M=36 and each tag string comprises up to 100 alphabeticcharacters directly identifying names of suppliers. In yet anotherspecific example, a tag string is usable as a blockchain address and inthat manner identifies a supplier that is using the DNA taggant set thatcorresponds to that tag string.

By controlling how an applicator, such as, for example, a sprayer, isused, how much taggant is dispersed per application, how manyapplications are allotted, geofencing use of applicators, such assprayers, and other techniques, a supply chain can be monitored,products and material can be graded, and other operations are possiblefrom identifying DNA taggant sets in samples of product or material.

The following detailed description together with the accompanyingdrawings will provide a better understanding of the nature andadvantages of the present invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Various embodiments in accordance with the present disclosure will bedescribed with reference to the drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a flowchart illustrating a method of tagging a product toindicate the producer of the product.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an exemplary application device.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating a method of tagging in plantationoperations to indicate the producer of the product.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating a method of tagging in the receptionstage of mill operations to indicate the producer of the product.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating a method of tagging in the millingportion of mill operations to indicate the producer of the product.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating a method of tagging in refineryoperations to indicate the producer of the product.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram that illustrates a computer system upon whichan embodiment of the invention may be implemented.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, various embodiments will be described. Forpurposes of explanation, specific configurations and details are setforth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments.However, it will also be apparent to one skilled in the art that theembodiments may be practiced without the specific details. Furthermore,well-known features may be omitted or simplified in order not to obscurethe embodiment being described.

Techniques described and suggested herein include methods and apparatusto apply DNA taggants to batches of material from different producersbefore the batches are transported to a processing facility, allowingthe processing facility to verify the producer of a particular unit ofthe material to be identified. The techniques, methods, and apparatusdescribed and suggested herein are applicable to products in general,and particularly to agricultural products.

An illustrative application is in the production of palm oil, producedfrom the fruit of oil palms. In a world hungry for oil, the oil palmtree (Elaeis guineensis) remains a top producer, yielding up to ninetimes as much per acre as other vegetable oil crops. This exceptionalproductivity—paired with palm oil's remarkable versatility—has givenrise over only a few decades to an extensive patchwork of largeplantations and small holder producers. Palm and palm kernel oil nowprovides nearly 40% of the world's vegetable oils and fats since circa2015, making it the world's most widely used vegetable oil. Theresulting palm oil, palm kernel oil, and derivatives flow through vastsupply chains that produce such everyday items as processed food (72%),cosmetics, household/cleaning, and personal care products (18%), and asfeedstock and biofuel additives (10%) for many prominent brands. Palmoil and its derivatives are present in major brands, with current globalconsumption for all products at circa 8 kg per capita. In 2018,production grew to 77 million tonnes, and growth is projected at 1.7%per year until 2050.

Unfortunately, there is a history of environmental and labor abuse inthe palm oil supply chain. Further, palm oil production raises globalenvironmental concerns. To keep pace with growing demand, large expansesof tropical forests have been—and continue to be—logged and/or slashedand burned to make way for oil palm cultivation, primarily in Indonesiaand Malaysia. While this has created economic opportunity for some,serious negative environmental and social consequences affect manyMassive deforestation is directly linked to indigenous land rightsviolations, community displacement, species extinction, acceleratedclimate change, and air pollution levels due to smoke that are among thehighest on record.

Once established, oil palm plantations create jobs. However, reports offorced labor, lack of worker protection from harmful chemicals, and lackof basic employment benefits and security for targeted populations put aspotlight on practices that create concern within certain marketsectors.

Demand for products that are sustainably and ethically sourced continuesto grow. The global market value of ethically labeled packaged foodproducts and beverages amounted to about 794 billion U.S. dollars in2015 and is expected to reach nearly 873 billion in 2020. Sustainablysourced palm oil is no exception, and lack of assurances can causemarket sectors to contract. A case in point is the 2019 European Union(EU) decision to put a cap on subsidies for palm oil use in biodiesel; agoverning body's review of the consequences of palm oil cultivationdetermined that palm oil use for fuel is environmentally unsustainable.

Addressing the wide range of sustainability issues associated with thepalm oil industry demands a rapid departure from “business as usual.”The Indonesian government has already started placing restrictions onburning tropical forests, particularly those rooted in carbon-richlayers of peat. Norway is incentivizing this with financialcompensation, provided the Indonesian government can demonstrate anoverall reduction in deforestation. Satellite imaging helps verify thatthese sustainability goals are being met. Soon, palm growers may need todemonstrate a deeper commitment to sustainability goals, and aninnovative system that includes satellite imaging, geo-location of theharvest site, and on-product DNA barcodes can provide that assurance.

The palm oil industry has understood that establishing sustainabilityguidelines would benefit it as a whole, since at least 2004. That year,the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and industry leaders formed the Roundtablefor Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), a voluntary membership organizationthat now has more than 4,000 members worldwide. Membership has grown torepresent the entire palm oil supply chain as well as advocates for theenvironment, land ownership, and worker's rights. Much has beenaccomplished through these partnerships, but particularly with theimpacts of climate change in the news nearly every day, more stringentsustainability assurance from consumers and governments is sure tofollow. Technologies at the leading edge can help meet this challenge.

RSPO is the primary organization that sets criteria for sustainabilitycertification for the global palm oil industry. While parallelcertifying bodies focus on specific issues or offer specializedservices, RSPO continues to be the internationally recognized label forsustainability assurance. Criteria include upholding requirements forensuring ecosystem protection, incorporating buffer zones for wildlife,safeguarding worker safety and health, and implementing best practicesto increase yield while reducing the use of pesticides and herbicides.

In 2018, nearly 20% of the global oil palm crop qualified to carry theRSPO certified sustainable label. The WWF has noted that achieving RSPOcertification typically outweighs the costs of implementation. Producersoperating under this label can generally realize a 1 to 4% premiumcompared to those with non-certified product; however, implementationcosts continue to present a barrier to entry for small holders. This issignificant in Indonesia, where nearly 40% of growers are small holders;in other countries, the percentage is as high as 94%.

The three levels of RSPO certification, from lowest to highest are: massbalance (RSPO and non-RSPO oil can be mixed); segregation(RSPO-certified sources only); and identity preserved (end user productis uniquely identifiable to a single mill). Some growers have adopted anRSPO NEXT level of assurance that involves independent third party andaccredited on-the-ground verification using standardized methods.However, even the highest level of RSPO certification is limited bycurrently available commercial tracking technologies and method.

Gaps in assurance can include the following:

-   -   A cycle of 5-year re-certification with an annual audit is far        below current tracking and auditing capability, yielding a        static process.    -   Document-based transactions and records are not wholly secure        from fraud and abuse.    -   Harvest from illegal areas is not necessarily detected because        the RSPO process cannot trace fresh fruit bunches (FFBs) to the        harvest site.    -   Small holder growers are largely excluded due to implementation        cost.

Certification programs rely on accurate information to establish andmaintain credibility. As more advanced technologies become available,criteria and methods may need to be revised to keep goals and objectivesaligned with processor and consumer expectations.

Real-time source assurance, transparency, and traceability throughoutthe supply chain are achievable by combining leading-edge technologieswith new but already established ones. At the center of next-level palmoil source assurance is Applicant's on-product DNA barcode technology.The system provides the ability to create unique DNA barcodes onsite,apply them onto a product at the harvest or processing site, and verifysource information within minutes using a simple on-site test. Whenintegrated with satellite technology solutions to track land use andblockchain technology solutions to record a variety of tracking data ina secure digital ledger, an irrefutable audit trail is created from theharvest location to the mill. Adding unique DNA barcodes at other nodesin the supply chain extends the traceability solution—and thereby brandprotection.

The four interlocking elements that create a verifiable and unbreakableaudit trail are:

Geo-location and time stamping—The location and time of harvest aredigitally associated with the unique DNA barcode that is applied toproduct at the harvest site.

-   -   Satellite imaging—Satellite images of the geo-located harvest        site are monitored in near real-time to ensure that the harvest        location is within a certified sourcing region and/or not in        newly deforested areas.    -   Unique on-product DNA barcodes—Unique DNA barcodes can be        dispensed at the mill and distributed to harvesting crews. DNA        barcodes applied at the harvest site at the plantation-level        directly link to geolocation and time stamp data that is        uploaded at the site via mobile phone. Products can be sampled        and tested at the mill by quality assurance staff; results can        be available within 15 minutes and automatically can enter the        digital record. Unique DNA barcodes can be added at multiple        strategic process nodes to track solid or liquid product. DNA        barcodes are invisible and cannot be removed or adulterated        because they are applied directly on the product. DNA barcodes        have no effect on food flavor, shelf life, or odor. They are        Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) by the United States Food        and Drug Administration and are under review for use in the EU,        where approval is expected in 2020.    -   Blockchain secured database—All data associated with each DNA        barcode is secured using state-of-the art digital ledger        technology.

First mile traceability is a defining problem of the palm oil supplychain. Indeed, a recent survey shows that most palm oil companies can'tfully trace supplies, with only 19 or 83 companies able to trace frommill to plantation. Further, the boom in palm production has beencorrelated to damage to forests and wildlife. Existing traceabilitysolutions are flawed in that they have limited scope, are vulnerable tofraud, and are impractical, costly, and exclude small parties. To date,stakeholders have failed to identify effective, practical, reliable, andcost effective solutions to these issues.

To address these ongoing problems, the present invention allows for: a)physical item-level tagging, which may include one or more geo-tags andtime stamps; b) satellite monitoring of sourcing origins; c) digitaldata recording, secured via blockchain; and d) certification ofsuppliers and processes by third parties. For example, at the plantationsite, a harvest crew may apply one or more unique DNA barcodes(taggants) to a product, such as palm fruit. The application can beachieved, for example, via an injector or sprayer linked to asmartphone. Each DNA barcode (taggant) application may create a dataevent that is recorded, timestamped, and notarized in a blockchain. Byway of example, at the mill site, a quality assurance manager mayconduct a detection test of a product, such as the tagged palm fruit, toconfirm positive identification of DNA barcodes (taggants). Thedetection test results can be recorded, timestamped, and notarized in ablockchain and verified against other critical tracking data. Thisprocess can allow for highly accurate detection during first miletransit from the plantation to the mill.

This new leading-edge technology-enabled model for source assurance andbrand protection has the ability to provide source assurance and brandprotection, via unparalleled traceability for palm oil industrystakeholders all along the supply chain. As outlined herein, keyelements particular to palm oil have already been proven in fieldtesting and laboratory validation studies. The Applicant has alsoprovided similar traceability solutions to growers and producers inother agricultural sectors, unrelated to palm oil. Working with variouspartners, this system has the potential to be comprehensive andscalable, and can accommodate global supply chains using Internet ofThings (IoT) capability, as illustrated and in the exemplary processesand methods described herein.

The “next level” is the path forward. Efficient, versatile, andubiquitous, palm oil has become an established staple in the supplychains of many major global brands. This tremendous success has come ata cost to the environment that includes an outsized carbon footprint dueto rapid deforestation coupled with slash and burn clearing methods. Thecall for sustainably and ethically sourced palm oil is rapidly gettinglouder, particularly with the effects of climate change occurring morefrequently than scientists predicted just a few years ago.

The palm oil industry has responded with an evolving RSPO certificationprocess that has brought a broad spectrum of sustainability issues tothe table. Gaps remain, and some of them can be addressed by pairingleading-edge technology with already established tools. The ability todispense unique DNA barcodes onsite and an automated sampling systemlocks in source assurance. Management of records through blockchaintechnology locks in trust. These, together with geo-location andsatellite imagery create a next-level system. Unique DNA barcodes canalso be applied to any palm oil product at any strategic node to provideboth traceability and brand protection by detecting dilution orsubstitution. Field and laboratory tests have validated this model, andwork continues to refine its application.

The larger vision for a more sustainable future includes support atevery level:

RSPO and certifying organizations—Partner with technology innovators,and modernize sustainability criteria, taking into account currentclimate change agreements and NGO partnerships.

Governments—Enforce policies, agreements and treaties, and limit newplantation permitting to areas with low carbon impact.

Growers and producers—Implement traceability technology, and enableinclusion of small holder growers into certification process.

Manufacturers—Implement traceability technology and require upstreamgrowers and producers to do the same.

Consumers—Support brands committed to sustainable sourcing.

Application of DNA Taggants to Products

While a purchaser of a product, such as an agricultural product (e.g.palm fruit) might wish to deal with smaller vendors, perhaps even localgrowers, purchasers also wish to ensure that their supplier chains bothproduce quality fruit and are environmentally sustainable. Individualproducers may produce small quantities, making verification of theorigins of each difficult or inefficient. For example, individualproducers (e.g., farmers) may leave small piles of fruit to be loadedonto a truck that may pick up product from tens of producers. Withouttagging, tracing a particular fruit to a particular producer isimpossible, making it impossible to grade individual producers. It alsoallows the addition of fruit from unapproved producers, making itdifficult to ensure that the only fruit used is from producers whocomply with sustainable or other standards.

To address the above-described problems, the piles of fruit or otherproduct may be sprayed or otherwise marked with DNA taggants prior tocollection or loading onto a truck. Each lot from each producer mayreceive a different DNA taggant set corresponding to a different tagstring, associating individual lots with individual producers, or evenidentifying individual lots produced by the same producer. The DNAtaggant may be applied directly to food and agricultural materials. TheDNA taggant set may be mixed into a liquid carrier, allowing the DNAtaggant set to be applied with an inexpensive spray bottle. The taggantmay also be injected directly into an agricultural product, such as intothe bunch stem or fruit or applied with a dropper.

The taggants may be combined with a colorant to ensure uniform coverageof the product or to allow visual confirmation that the product wastagged. In some embodiments in which a product, such as, a fruit, pods,or leaves is attached to a branch or stem that will not be used in theprimary product, the taggant may be sprayed on or otherwise applied tothe stem. The smaller lots may be collected together (e.g., loaded onthe same truck) and transported to a central collection and processingfacility. At the processing facility, inspectors may grade or sort theagricultural product or fruit. For example, inspectors may place asample, such as one fruit or a small piece of product into a bin, cup,or other receptacle, which indicates acceptable or unacceptable. If abranch or stem were tagged, the branch or stem may be placed into thebin, cup, or other receptacle. The receptacle may be sealed andtransported to a processing lab for analysis of the DNA taggant set todetermine a tag string that indicates the producer of the product.Producers may then be given feedback on whether their product isacceptable. In another embodiment, there may be more grades thanacceptable and unacceptable (e.g., unacceptable, poor, good, excellent,or grading on a scale). Multiple grades would allow more fine-grainedfeedback to the producers. Producers with consistently high qualityproduct may be rewarded. Those with consistently low quality orunacceptable product may be asked to improve.

More generally, a DNA taggant set may be applied to a small lot ofproduct by spraying the DNA taggant set on the product, immersing theproduct, or otherwise applying the DNA taggant set to the product withan application device. The DNA taggant may also be applied to a stem,branch, root, husk, or other discarded attachment of the product ratherthan to the processed part of the product. After the DNA taggant set isapplied to the small lot of product, the small lot of product may becombined with other small lots to form a larger aggregated batch ofproduct, large enough to be transported and processed efficiently.During processing, individual units or portions of the product may besampled or inspected for grading. The grading may be binary (e.g.,acceptable or unacceptable) or may be more fine grained (e.g.,unacceptable, poor, good, excellent, or grading on a scale). The gradingmay be done by attaching a grading label to a sample (e.g., adhesivelyor mechanically), by placing the sample in a labelled receptacle, or bymarking the sample (e.g., with ink or paint). In an embodiment in whichthe taggant is applied to a stem or other attachment to the product, theattachment may be labeled, placed in the receptacle, or marked. Thegraded sample or attachment may be analyzed to determine the DNA taggantset, which in turn correlates to the tag string, which in turncorrelates to the producer or lot, allowing the grade label from thelabel, receptacle, or mark to be associated with the producer or lot.

A conventional sprayer might be used as an application device, forspraying DNA taggants that are in a fluid suspension. Each grower mightoperate their own application device. That application device might beconfigured to vary the DNA taggant combination that is used over time,thus generating a unique DNA taggant combination code for each lot. Thegrower preferably ensures that the sprayer or other application deviceis thoroughly cleaned between applications to prevent crosscontamination of one set of DNA taggants with another set. In anotherembodiment, the same DNA taggant combination may be used for a largerlot or to identify producers, and the DNA taggant combination may bechanged infrequently (e.g., a few times a day). The taggant combinationmay be distributed from a premixed taggant combination or may be mixedin a sprayer's manifold to produce the required taggant combination.

In one embodiment, a quality assurance representative from a processingfacility, such as a mill employee, may provide a particular DNA tagganthaving a specified DNA bar code to a harvester in an application device,such as, for example, a sprayer. The quantity of the taggant may bemeasured to match the expected amount of agricultural product or fruitthe harvester will harvest. The mill may also provide an applicationdevice (e.g., a sprayer or injector) or combination of devices to applythe taggant. The application device may have an internet or satelliteconnection that records the location and time of application of thetaggant. It may additionally or alternatively have a local storagedevice, such as a hard drive. It may log the location and time locallyor may send the location and time to a server to record the location andtime. In one embodiment, the application device may be a sprayer havinga cellular data connection and GPS unit, allowing the sprayer to log itsGPS coordinates whenever the sprayer is triggered.

In another embodiment, an applicator, such as, for example, a sprayer,may have a Bluetooth connection to a cellular phone and may preventapplication of taggant without confirming the device's location orconnectivity. The device may either access or have stored within devicegeographic coordinates within which it is expected to operate and mayshutdown when outside of those coordinates, preventing the applicator,such as, for example, the sprayer from tagging the agricultural productor fruit outside of the plantation it is meant for. The applicator, suchas, for example, the sprayer might also record GPS coordinates,timestamps, and other data about the application of the taggant. When alot is returned to the mill then all the information about when andwhere each bunch was tagged is validated before the lot is accepted. Forexample, if the applicator, such as, for example, the sprayer wasactuated more than would be expected given the harvest size, thisoveruse of taggant may trigger an error or flag that causes furtherinvestigation.

Recording a time at which the application device applies the DNA taggantset to the first batch of the material and verifying that the time iswithin an expected time range might be performed at a quality controlpoint to validate product.

The sprayer or other application device might only dispense enoughtaggant in each spray for labeling a certain size lot, allowing theprocessor to perform a rough mass balance by counting the number of lotsreceived. The applicator, such as, for example, the sprayer might onlywork within certain times and may have an expected range of actuations.Exceeding the time or number of actuations may cause the applicator,such as, for example, the sprayer to cause an error message or stopworking. The processor receiving the lots might perform a mass balanceby counting the number of lots received and verifying the number of lotsthat were labeled with the application device. The time stamps,locations, and number of the applications of the taggant, plus theverification of the taggant at the processing facility, allow theprocessor to verify that the lots received at the processor facility isagricultural product or fruit that was harvested when and where theharvester claims it was harvested. The number of lots received allowsthe processor to perform a mass balance by comparing the number of lotsreceived to the number of lots that had taggant applied, according tothe logs from the application device. The amount of taggant issued tothe harvesting crew may be sufficient only for labeling the expectedamount to be harvested, limiting the possibility that agriculturalproduct or fruit from other plantations is transported to the approvedplantation and added to the agricultural product or fruit lots that arefrom the approved plantation. Additionally, a number of actuations ofthe applicator, such as, for example, the sprayer may be expected givena certain harvest size, calculated from field size, and an actual numberof actuations above an expected number of actuations may cause an errorcondition.

In a particular embodiment, the dispenser is coupled to a network toprovide usage data and the dispenser applies the taggant consistentlysuch that the amount of taggant dispensed per unit (per lot, per plant,per bunch, per unit of mass, per unit of volume, etc.) of product ispredetermined, at least within a narrow range. The operator of thedispenser might be provided with application instructions, including anexplanation that credit will only be given to units that are marked andthat the dispenser's material is constrained to only last through apredetermined number of applications. Knowing that, the operator wouldbe careful not to overapply the taggant material (or else the operatormight run out of taggant material and still have units to get creditfor) or underapply the taggant material (or else credit might be reduceddownstream in the supply chain for lack of sufficient marking). The millmay have information about the number of acres the harvester will cover,and the number of plants for a specific crop may be reasonably fixed. Ifa harvesting crew is assigned to a particular parcel, the number ofexpected fresh fruit bunches may be estimated fairly accurately. In thecase of palm fruit, the number of plants per acre is reasonably fixed,and the yield of the palms is fairly constant, with harvesting occurringon a predictable schedule. When the harvester goes to a particularparcel, the expected harvest is capable of estimation.

The supply chain may have points at which mass of the product isdetermined and the source identified, so that a mass balance can beperformed. If the dispenser has enough for N bunches and once a lot isdelivered and the packing list is read, the two are reconciled (theactual lot and the amount the dispenser says is marked).

DNA taggants correspond to encoded information that can be applied toobjects, including food items, in a manner that allows for later readingof this encoded information from the objects. In a specific embodiment,the DNA taggants are unique, each taggant represents a bit position andthe pattern of presence or absence of one of the DNA taggantscorresponds to a bit value of 1 or 0 and the pattern of DNA taggantsthat are present or absent forms a binary number representing theencoded information. In another embodiment, the presence of a first DNAtaggant is used to signal a value of “1” of the encoded information andthe presence of a second DNA taggant is used to signal a value of “0” ofthe encoded information. The apparatus that adds the DNA taggants to theobjects can be configured such that the encoded information can changefrom object to object and not cross-contaminate objects with DNAtaggants that are for one object but not another.

In a specific example, there is a set of 32 DNA taggants to work withand so there are 2³² possible combinations of DNA taggants that can beapplied to an object, thus encoding the object with a 32-bit valuecorresponding to a specific “tag string” that might be represented by asequence of 32 binary values each having a bit location in the tagstring. It should be understood that other numbers are also possible andin the general case, a tag string might be represented as an indexedarray of values, each having an index or position in the tag string,where the values might be binary values.

For example, it might be that 28 bits (and 28 DNA taggants) would besufficient for a particular application. For example, if there are 128producers of apples, each having 8 facilities, and they group theirapples by lot such that they output 256 lots per year, one per day, overthe course of 16 years, the manufacturer, facility, lot, and year can beencoded in a 7+3+8+4=22 bit tag string and so 22 bits and 22 DNAtaggants are sufficient and that leaves room for checksum bits/taggantsto be added. In this simplified example, the number of possible valuesfor each of the variables is a power of two, but that is not requiredand other values can be used. Conventional mapping of values to tagstrings can be done.

As used herein, a DNA taggant is a material that includes anoligonucleotide and possibly other material. In a specific example, eachDNA taggant comprises a static part and an identifier part, wherein allof the DNA taggants have the same static part and thus it can be used todifferentiate between the set of DNA taggants in use and other DNA thatmight be present in a sample. Preferably, the presence of a DNA taggantcan be done even when there are very low concentrations of the DNAtaggant in or on the object. Thus, where there is a dispersant expectedto be found in the sample, the sample and/or the dispersant thereon issampled, detected, error-corrected as needed, etc. to determine the tagstring that was applied to the object.

A tag string has an associated DNA taggant set (sometimes called a “DNAbar code”), which is a selection of particular DNA taggants used, or tobe used, on an object to “label” that object with the tag string. Theobject might be an item being sold, bulk material, packaging, or otherphysical object or item where labeling according to the tag string isuseful. In particular, where a printed label is not workable or viable,applying the tag string could be done instead. For illustrationpurposes, consider the case where the tag string comprises binary valueseach having a bit position in the string, such as “01101001 1010100110100111 10010101” which has a “0” in the first bit position, “1” in thesecond and third bit positions, and “1” in the 32nd bit position. Thebits may ordered from most to least significant or vice versa. Aspecific DNA taggant is associated with each bit position of the tagstring and labeling an object might comprise determining which bitpositions of the tag string are “1,” determining which DNA taggants gowith those bit positions, and applying those DNA taggants (referred toherein as a “taggant set”) to the object, and not applying the DNAtaggants that go with the bit positions of the tag string that have “0”values. Alternatively, pairs of DNA taggants might be used, wherein thepresence of one taggant indicates a “1” in a position and the presenceof the other indicates a “0” in that position. Though this approach usestwice as many taggants for the same number of bits of information, itprovides error checking. Other approaches used error checking codes arepossible.

The tag string could represent different information. For example, in aparticular industry or application, some of the bit positions mightcorrespond to the company name, others to a serial number, others to aproduction date or location, etc. By later sampling the object on whichthe taggant set was applied, a tag detecting system can decode thetaggant set and from there determine the tag string that was applied tothe object.

In some embodiments, all or part of the tag string is an index valuethat points to a record in an external database that provides data aboutthat particular record. In those embodiments, the tag string assigned toan object might be entirely arbitrary and an external database of objectinformation would be used to get data about the object rather thandecoding any data about the object from the bit pattern itself.

In an example distribution system, there are lots and each lot hasapplied to it a specific tag string and a first lot receives a firsttaggant set corresponding to a first tag string and then a second lotreceives a second taggant set corresponding to a second tag stringdifferent than the first lot. The first lot might be multiple items,such as a plurality of melons, or the first lot might be a single item,such as a bag of coffee beans. In the case of a bag, the distributionsystem might be integrated in with an automated bag filling line. Insuch a line, a new bag is positioned in the system and is clamped to thefilling line chute to receive product. Perhaps before the first bag isin place, the distribution system initially dispenses plain carrier (notaggants) in the “dead volume” (the volume of the piping beyondactuating valves). Then when the empty bag is in place, or after the bagis filled, but before it is declamped and stitched closed, thedistribution system actuates certain valves of the distribution systemto push out the plain carrier and then push out specific taggants basedon that bag's designated tag string. It may be that delivery is timed sothat the plain carrier residing in the dead volume is delivered duringclamping to the bottom of the empty bag and the taggants are deliveredas the product is filling the bag. The taggant valves may bede-energized before the bag is full while the plain carrier valveremains energized, so that at the completion of the bag filing cycle,the dead volume has been filled by plain carrier, at which point theplain carrier valve is de-energized. The cycle repeats with a newtaggant combination for the second bag and so on with the plain carriereffectively flushing the lines so that only the desired taggants appearfor a given lot.

Instead of a spray, the carrier/taggants might be applied by immersion.

The carrier can be liquid or solid or in between, as might be thetaggants. The taggants might be naked DNA or DNA included in a matrix,such as a carnauba wax coating, as is often used for various types offresh fruit, or if the carrier is a volatile liquid such as ethanol,water, etc., the taggant remains in direct contact with the product.Studies have shown that its stability is limited and generally shorterthan the product shelf life relative to being included in somepersistent matrix.

In a solid form such as a powder, the taggant might have been previouslyencapsulated in a solid carrier (such as maltodextrin, gelatin, etc.),which can provide superior stability that is usually in excess of one ortwo years. The solid form is a convenient form for application oftaggants to dry and granular products such as flour, sugar, etc.Taggants encapsulated in solid matrixes can also be used in processedfoods and liquids (e.g., juices, oils, etc.) preferably encapsulated ina solid matrix that does not dissolve in the product, as that wouldrelease the DNA of the taggant and may limit its stability.

For commodities such as fertilizers, beans, grains, etc., application oftaggants in solid form (encapsulated) might be preferred due tostability considerations. However, for high speed processes, as when,for example, a taggant must be uniformly applied to product during thebag filling process (which might be a 2-4 second cycle), liquid carriersmight be preferred as powder can be very difficult to manage at thosespeeds and prone to cross contamination. A cost effective method toapply a taggant in solid form is as very fine powder, which increasesthe number of taggant particles per volume of product. This increasesthe probability that the taggant will be recovered from a small sampleof product when the product is tested for the presence of the taggants.However, when fine particles are used, they may remain airborne forminutes or even hours, possibly migrating to lots where they were notintended to be applied, which would cause identification errors whentaggant reading is done on a sample of the product. Loose particles alsomight cause cross-lot contamination at the point of testing as theproduct is taken out of a bag. In these situations, application of thetaggants in a liquid form would simplify the application process butmight result in diminished stability.

In an improved application process, a hybrid method is used thatcombines the ease of the liquid application with the stability of thesolid carriers. In this approach, the taggant is encapsulated in powdergranules that are suspended in a liquid in which the granules do notdissolve. Examples of encapsulating carriers include gelatins, agarosegel, carrageenan powder, etc. and the liquid carrier might be ethanol.Another example is ethyl cellulose powder as the encapsulating carrierand water as the liquid carrier. The distribution system can then spraya product or immerse the product, thus improving uniform application andreducing the potential for loose powder and resulting crosscontamination. The amount of liquid carrier required is usually verysmall (in one example, less than 50 mL per 50 kg bag). The liquidcarrier either evaporates or is absorbed by the product leaving thetaggant as an encapsulated powder in the sealed bag.

In addition, use of gels promotes adhesion of the powders to theproduct, reducing the risk of contamination due to loose powder when thebag is opened. Other adhesives may be added to the liquid to promoteadhesion. For example, applying ethyl cellulose powder suspended in a0.5% agar-agar solution will create a film containing ethyl celluloseDNA tagged powder on the surface of the product.

A dispensing system might include tanks or vessels that contain one ofthe DNA taggants (or taggants in encapsulating carriers) in suspension,powder, or other forms such as emulsions, liposomes in liquid, orcoacervations (a type of electrostatically-driven liquid-liquid phaseseparation, such as spherical aggregates of colloidal droplets heldtogether by hydrophobic force measuring from 1 to 100 micrometers acrossor some other diameter, while their soluble precursors are typically onthe order of less than 200 nm or some other distance). A computercontrol system might control the dispensing of specific patterns of theDNA taggants. The taggant vessels have a finite volume and so DNAtaggant gets consumed. By careful selection of which patterns are used,the consumption can be controlled so that the taggant vessels do notneed to be filled at inconvenient times.

The dispensing system might be required to deliver distinct taggant sets(thus marking distinct objects or lots with different tag strings) atvery high speed, as many as 20-25 per minute or more. In animplementation, a computer processor determines what tag string is to beapplied and then sends electrical signals and commands to variousmodules, ultimately resulting in the desired taggant set being added orapplied to the object being marked. It may be that each object markedgets a different taggant set, so the dispensing system would carefullycontrol the distribution of taggants so that the taggants of the taggantset applied to a current object do not get used during application of anext object (unless those are taggants that are part of the taggant setfor both the current object and the next object).

Exemplary System

According to one embodiment, the techniques described herein areimplemented by one or generalized computing systems programmed toperform the techniques pursuant to program instructions in firmware,memory, other storage, or a combination. Special-purpose computingdevices may be used, such as desktop computer systems, portable computersystems, handheld devices, networking devices or any other device thatincorporates hard-wired and/or program logic to implement thetechniques.

FIG. 1 is a flowchart illustrating a method of tagging a product toindicate the producer of the product. As shown there, the process beginswith a mill quality assurance representative estimating the requiredtaggant set (step 101) for the harvest. This may be based on the size ofthe parcel the harvester will cover, the density of the plants in theparcel, and the expected yield per plant. The mill may fill aapplicator, such as, for example, a sprayer with the estimated amount oftaggant and issue the applicator, e.g. sprayer (step 102) to a harvestcrew. As the harvest crew collects the fresh fruit bunches, the crew mayapply the taggant set to a product from a producer (step 103). Asexplained above, a taggant set is a collection or aggregation ofindependent DNA taggants used to tag a product such as a food product orother item. The taggant set might be aggregated from individual vials orcontainers that supply specific individual DNA taggants and theaggregate of the set does not require that the individual DNA taggantsbe joined. As a result, the taggant set can be created with much simplerequipment, such as using simple conduits from tanks as opposed toDNA-joining equipment.

Following the taggant application, the product might be aggregated withother product of a similar type (step 104). For example, the productsmight be palm oil fruit, bananas, or other agricultural product and theaggregate might be those agricultural products from different farms,where each farm has tagged their respective product with a taggant setthat is designated for that farm. At a processing center or otherlocation, the product might be sampled (step 105) and graded. Oncesampled/graded, a processor or inspector might determine the taggant set(step 106) of a particular product, perhaps by obtaining a set of sampleDNA taggants detected from the product. The processor or inspector mightthen use a computer system or records system to associate and determinethe farmer or producer that was designated that taggant set (step 107).For example, where the DNA taggant set comprises a taggant materialincluding at least N unique pieces of DNA, representing N digits of abar code that identifies the farmer/producer of the product, the processmight involve detecting detected pieces of DNA applied to the product,deriving a derived bar code from the detected pieces of DNA, andcomparing the derived bar code to a predetermined bar code thatidentifies the farmer/producer of the product.

Using that information, the processor or inspector can associate aproduct grade with a farmer or producer (step 108). This processing andassociation can occur at various places in the supply chain, as thetaggant set might be expected to persist as the product travels and evenafter certain processing steps.

FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of an exemplary application device, in thiscase a sprayer having a nozzle 201 connected to a tank 203 by a tube(such as a pipe or plastic tubing) 202. The nozzle 201 is electricallyconnected to CPU 204, allowing the CPU to record actuations of thenozzle in storage 206. The CPU may be connected to a GPS unit 207,allowing the CPU to also record the location of actuation in storage206. The CPU may also be connected to a clock 208 to allow the CPU torecord the date and time of actuation. A battery 205 may be electricallyconnected to the CPU 204 to provide power to the CPU.

FIGS. 3-6 show further details of this process as an exemplary fruit,palm fruit, is harvested at a plantation (FIG. 3), received at a mill(FIG. 4), processed at the mill (FIG. 5), and processed at a refinery(FIG. 5). Though the process is shown with respect to palm fruit, it mayapply equally to other fruits or agricultural products.

The four rows in FIG. 3 show different elements of harvestingoperations: a row for data operations (row 301), a row for taggingoperations (row 302), a row for supply chain operations (row 303), and arow for certification operations (row 304). In the first column in thetagging operations row 302, at step 306, the mill quality assurancerepresentative creates the taggants (referred to there as “SafeTracers”taggants) via a process similar to bubble jet printing. In someembodiments, this is done using a MiniDART™ system provided bySafeTraces, Inc. The MiniDART™ system may apply one or more taggantsdirectly on a product, such as an agricultural product, fresh produce,or a dry or liquid commodity, at item-level, enabling rapid tracing tothe product source. The taggants contain a unique tag assigned to theharvest crews and issued to harvest crew supervisors. This allows themill that will receive the agricultural product or fruit to verify theorigin of the agricultural product or fruit and create a chain of trustfrom the mill back to the plantation. The unique tag assigned to theharvest crew may be entered into a blockchain 310 or other database(step 340). The issuing of the taggant may be part of a certificationbody or point, such as, for the example of palm oil, a roundtable onsustainable palm oil (RSPO) certification point, labeled in row 304, incertification step 330.

In the second column of FIG. 3, the harvest crew supervisor issues thetaggants to harvest crews (step 307). This may include issuing both thetaggants and tagging kits for applying (e.g., spraying or mixing with)the taggant to the fruit. The taggants and kits may be issued when theharvest crews report for their shifts (step 320). This may also be acertification body or point, such as, for the example of palm oil, anRSPO certification point, shown in row 304, certification step 332. Thisinformation may also be stored in the blockchain 310 or other database,shown as step 342. In the third column, the harvest crew harvests thefruit and may, immediately after harvesting the fruit, tag the fruitwith the taggant and log the harvest (step 308). The harvest crew mayalso label the fruit with conventional labels, such as by applyinglabels to containers or bundles of the fruit or by applying labelsdirectly to the fruit. The taggant logging may be done with a GPS andinternet enabled device such as a smart phone, and this information maybe uploaded immediately to the blockchain 310, shown in step 344, or maybe stored and uploaded later. A satellite system may also be used, forexample a satellite phone or other geo-locating system, which allowsproof of a devices location to be provided. This information may becombined with satellite or other imagery data 350 to provide a furthercheck on the accuracy of the data. The data may be entered into theblockchain 310 or other database. The crews may tag the fruit before,during, or after aggregating the fresh fruit bunches (FFBs) into lots(step 322). In one embodiment, smaller bunches of fruit may be taggedprior to consolidation into lots to facilitate applying taggant to eachbunch. The tagging step may also be a certification body or point, suchas, for the example of palm oil, an RSPO certification point(certification step 334). After the tagged fruit is aggregated, theharvest crew supervisor may count the lot sizes, optically grade thefruit, and print packing lists (step 324). The harvest crews may thenload the fruit lots into a truck and provide the driver with the paperpacking lists (step 326). The truck may aggregate fresh fruit bunchesacross multiple crews and even across plantations until the truck isfull (step 328). The individual lots will be labelled both withconventional labels and taggants.

FIG. 4 illustrates the process when the fresh fruit bundles arrive at amill. As before, the four row correspond, from top to bottom, to dataoperations 301, tagging operations 302, supply chain operations 303, andcertification operations 304. In column 1, step 410, the truck full ofthe fresh fruit bundles arrives at the mill and is weighed. The driversubmits the packing lists and the truck is unloaded at a loading dock.The packing list and scale ticket may be logged in the block chain, asshown at step 440. This may be a certification body or point, such as,for the example of palm oil, an RSPO certification point, shown bycertification point 430. After unloading, at step 412, the mill gradesthe fresh fruit bundles. Before, during, or after grading, the mill maycollect samples from the fresh fruit bundles for testing via barcodedetection methods/instrumentation, such as, for example, via polymerasechain reaction (PCR), at step 402. This may be done per some samplingmethodology (e.g., check every tenth bundle, check random bundles, checkevery bundle, etc.). This step may also be a certification body orpoint, such as, for the example of palm oil, an RSPO certificationpoint, shown by certification point 432. In the third column, millquality assurance conducts product quality tests (step 414) and performsthe barcode testing, such as, for example, PCR testing (step 404) on thetaggants (referred to as “SafeTracers” taggants in the figure). Theoutcome of the barcode test, such as, for example, the PCR test islogged (step 442) in the blockchain 310 or database and may also be acertification body or point, such as, for the example of palm oil, anRSPO certification point 434. If the fruit passes the product qualitytests (step 416) and the barcode tests, such as, for example, the PCRtests confirm the taggants match those expected based on the origin ofthe fruit (step 406), the certified fresh fruit bundles may enter millprocessing at step 418. Completion of quality tests and PCR confirmationof origin may be a certification body or point, such as, for the exampleof palm oil, an RSPO certification point 436. The plantation thatprovided the fruit may be proven to be in compliance by the barcodetest, such as, for example, the PCR test results that match thetaggants. The taggants might be the DNA snippets applied by a MiniDART™system. The data entered into the blockchain or database with thetaggants may also represent a record of the phone tagging and satellitelocation results, verifying that the fresh fruit bundles were harvestedin the geographic region of the correct plantation. The data 444 in theblockchain or other database provides a log of certification. Thepacking lists and weights of the truck can be used to record a massbalance of fruit entering the mill.

FIG. 5 illustrates operations at a mill once the fresh fruit bundleshave been graded and verified via barcode testing, such as, for example,PCR testing of the taggants. The four rows correspond, from top tobottom, to data operations 301, tagging operations 302, supply chainoperations 303, and certification operations 304. In the first column,at step 502, the refinery quality assurance representative printstaggants (referred to there as “SafeTracers” taggants), possibly using aMiniDART™ machine to create the taggants. This may be a certificationbody or point, such as, for the example of palm oil, an RSPOcertification point 530. This time, the taggants are assigned to themill by the refinery, creating a chain of trust from the refinery to themill. Since the mill has a chain of trust to the plantation, possiblystored in blockchain 310, the refinery can trace the origins of itsproduct back to specific plantations. The refinery quality assurancerepresentative may print the taggants using a MiniDART™ or other taggantissuing machine and assign the taggants to the mill. This data event maybe entered into the blockchain 310 or database at step 540.

In a continuously operating mill, in which the product leaves relativelysoon after processing, taggant applied to the outgoing product may belinked to the lots or bunches that were received the same day, creatinga link between the outgoing product and the plantations whose fruit wasprocessed that day. Tagging the product as it exits the mill may be acertification requirement, such as, for the example of palm oil, an RSPOcertification requirement 532. After the taggants are issued to themill, the mill supervisor assigns the taggants and tagging kits to themill operators at step 504. In this instance, the taggant kits may beapplicators, e.g. sprayers, or may be droppers or bottles adapted to mixthe taggant with a fluid.

The mill operators may receive the taggants and kits when they reportfor a shift (step 510) or when a new shipment of fruit is received. Thismay also be a data event 542, which may or may not be logged in theblockchain 310 or other database. As the mill operator manages millingprocesses such as steaming to refinery shipment (step 511), batches ofcrude palm oil (CPO) and crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) will be created.As the mill transfers the batches of CPO and CPKO from vacuum dryers tooil tanks (step 506), the batches may have the taggant mixed with themor otherwise applied to them, as well as conventional labelling oftanks. This event may be a data event 544 that is entered into theblockchain 310 or other database as well as a certification point, suchas, for the example of palm oil, an RSPO certification point 534.

A mill QA representative may sample (step 508) the tagged CPO/CPKO lotsand conduct initial (day 0) barcode tests, such as, for example, PCRtests, and then the lot may be shipped to a refinery, without beingmixed with other lots. This information may be entered into theblockchain 310 or other database at data entry step 546. The mill mayremove a sample and ship the sample to the refinery in a tamper-proofcontainer. The refinery may then analyze the taggant, including thetaggant concentration, in both the sample and the shipping tank,comparing the taggants and concentration. Lower taggant concentration inthe shipping tank would indicate that the shipment had had unapprovedliquid added to it or been adulterated in some way. In anotherembodiment, the mill operator may also manage (step 512) the taggedCPO/CPKO in oil storage tanks, for example if the mill maintains custodyof the CPO/CPKO lots for a period of time before shipping to a refinery.In such an embodiment, the mill operator may transfer (step 513)CPO/CPKO from an oil storage tank to a larger oil storage vessel. Thevessel may aggregate (step 514) CPO/CPKO lots across plantations untilfull, and the mill may issue a bill of lading (BoL) or packing list,that may be a data event (step 548) entered into the blockchain or otherdatabase.

The concentrations at application might not always be consistent and thetaggants are subject to some degradation over time. If a sample iscollected and shipped ahead of a lot and the sample taggant is subjectto the same level of degradation as the lot itself, that degradation canbe factored out.

Where the material tagged is a liquid, if two smaller portions of liquidare tagged differently and then combined, it may be that the mixedresult will have DNA snippets from each of the taggants of the smallerportions. If the DNA snippet set used was the same in both smallportions, but with different selections of DNA snippets to representdifferent bar codes being applied to each smaller portion, it may bethat the barcoding is not recoverable from the mixed result, as thetaggant of the mixed result would be a bitwise-OR of the bar codes ofthe two smaller portions. To avoid this ambiguity, different sets ofsnippets might be used for the two smaller portions, or the details ofthe mixing, such as, which small portions were used in the mix, might berecorded along with a new bar code that is applied to the mix and uses aset of DNA tags that is distinct from the sets used for the smallerportions. At that time, the components might be identified and validatedprior to combining the lots and then a new taggant representing theresulting blend is tied to the IDs of the components.

FIG. 6 illustrates refinery operations. As before, the four rowscorrespond, from top to bottom, to data operations 301, taggingoperations 302, supply chain operations 303, and certificationoperations 304. In an embodiment where the refinery receives a vessel(e.g., combining multiple lots) from the mill (step 610), the mill willalso provide a packing list, and possible customs documents, to therefinery. This data may be entered in the blockchain or other databaseat step 640. The refinery will unload the CPO/CPKO, which may becertification step, such as, for the example of palm oil, an RSPOcertification step 630. At step 612, a grader for the refinery willgrade the CPO/CPKO, which may be a certification step, such as, for theexample of palm oil, an RSPO certification step 632. At step 614, therefinery QA representative will conduct product quality tests, which mayalso be a certification step, such as, for the example of palm oil, anRSPO certification step 634. Once the refinery QA representativeapproves the CPO/CPKO based on product quality tests at step 616, thecertified CPO/CPKO may be entered into the refinery for processing atstep 618.

Continuing with FIG. 6, the second row 302 from the top shows anembodiment where the CPO/CPKO is transported to the refinery in aspecific lot, without being mixed into a larger vessel. A grader for therefinery collects samples (step 602) to verify the taggants by barcodetesting, such as, for example, by PCR testing and to check foradulteration (e.g., dilution with another product or non-certifiedCPO/CPKO) per a sampling methodology (e.g., drawing a sample per lot, orperiodically sampling as the lot is moved from one tank to another).This may also be a certification point, such as, for the example of palmoil, an RSPO certification point 634. At step 604, the refinery QArepresentative may then conduct barcode testing, such as, for example,PCR testing and adulteration tests, entering the results (step 642) intothe database or blockchain 310. This may also be a certification point,such as, for the example of palm oil, an RSPO certification point 634.Based on the barcode test, such as, for example, the PCR test, andadulteration tests, the CPO/CPKO may be approved (step 606) forrefining, and the certified CPO/CPKO entered into the refinery.

The barcode test results, such as, for example, the test results may beused to match the taggant that was provided to the mill by the refinery,ensuring that the product was provided by the mill. The adulteration(e.g., concentration) tests may be matched between the mill (origin) andrefinery (destination). The mass balance results, such as the RSPOresults, may be reconciled between the CPO/CPKO that left the mill andthe CPO/CPKO that entered the refinery, providing a furthercertification point, such as, for the example of palm oil, RSPOcertification point 636. Data 644 to verify mill compliance will havebeen logged in the blockchain 310 or database, including barcode testresults, such as, for example, PCR test results that match with thetaggants printed at the mill (possibly by a MiniDART™ system provided bySafeTraces, Inc.), adulteration test results matching the concentrationof from the mill, and mass balance results, such as RSPO results thatreconcile between CPO/CPKO out of the mill and the CPO/CPKO into therefinery.

Exemplary Validation Testing, Field and Laboratory Results for Palm Oil

On-the-ground tests at an oil palm plantation and mill, as well aslaboratory tests, were conducted to validate the new method. Protocolswere designed to answer three questions essential to a 100% traceabilitysolution:

-   -   “First mile” source assurance: The ability to successfully        deliver DNA barcodes under field conditions to correctly        identify the harvest location.    -   Source assurance in liquids: The stability of DNA barcodes in        palm oil for the expected shelf life of the product; targets        included 6 months for crude palm oil (CPO) and 12 months for        refined palm oil (RPO).    -   Purity assurance: The extent to which DNA barcodes can detect        product dilution or substitution.

Traceability starts at the beginning of the “first mile”. In order to beconsidered sustainably sourced, the product must be harvested on landthat is being cultivated in accordance with applicable land userequirements for RSPO certification. Mills typically process products,such as fresh fruit bunches (FFBs) within a 50-mile radius of theirlocation, and often include products, such as FFBs from small holdergrowers. Establishing the exact location of each harvest can provide theinformation needed to maintain sustainability compliance. First miletraceability involves applying a unique DNA barcode solution to aproduct, such as FFB stems, using a proprietary tagging device at thegeo-located harvest site. This information is associated with the DNAbarcode and uploaded to the blockchain at the harvest location viasmartphone. The products, such as FFBs, are then sampled at the mill toidentify the harvest location and determine if the location is withinthe certified area.

DNA barcodes (taggants) are shown to have good stability in crude palmoil (CPO) and refined palm oil (RPO). Because DNA barcodes remain on aproduct, they are formulated to be fully compatible. In addition, theymust remain stable under the conditions that the product will encounter,and for the expected duration of such conditions. To validate DNAbarcode stability for palm oil, DNA barcodes were added to CPO and toRPO and maintained at 55 degrees centigrade (° C.) for a period of 8weeks. The primary purpose of elevating the temperature to this levelwas to accelerate any potential DNA barcode degradation within thesematrices by a factor of 12. That is, results of the 8-week test providethe equivalent degradation that would occur in nearly 2 years at ambienttemperature.

The stability index for each sample is shown in FIG. 8 for each testinterval in terms of day equivalent, ambient temperature. Results showthat the stability index value remained nearly constant for the entiretest period, indicating that DNA barcodes are suitable to provideon-product verification within the timeframe that CPO or RPO are intransit between supply chain processing steps.

DNA barcodes (taggants) can also be validated for purity assurance. Amethod under development to detect product purity while in transit wastested and can currently reliably detect adulteration into the 30%range; a recalibration of the method will allow it to reliably detectadulteration to an operationally sufficient 15% range. The methodinvolves tagging the product with a unique DNA barcode at the point oforigin and taking a reference sample that is recorded on the blockchainand sent to the destination. At the destination, a quantitative method(patent pending) compares the DNA barcode concentration in the referencesample to a new sample taken when the product arrives. If both sampletest results match within the margin of error, no dilution orsubstitution occurred while the product was in transit, guaranteeingpurity at the destination.

The validation test involved tagging CPO with a unique DNA barcode.Untagged oil was then added to produce 25-milliliter (ml) aliquots of“adulterated” oil. The adulteration percent increased by 10% increments,from 0 to 40%. Each dilution set included 80 samples, for a total of 400samples.

Results show that the current method detects adulteration levels in the30% to 40% range with 95% confidence. The recalibration of the methodwill address overlapping signals to yield precise results for lowerlevels of adulteration.

Exemplary Process for Palm Oil Traceability

Step 1. Mill-centric harvest management.

For the example of palm oil, the mill is the center of operations forestablishing the essential first link that locks the empirical evidencethat ensures raw material supply compliance to the blockchain. The dailyroutine involves a pickup from the mill of newly dispensed DNA barcodeand a tagging device for each harvest crew. The dispensed DNA barcodevolume is calibrated to match the day's harvest plan, and the DNAbarcode and amount is recorded on the blockchain. (Tagging devices arereturned to the mill for maintenance and recharging at the end of theshift.)

Step 2. “First mile” traceability.

At the harvest site, each FFB is tagged with a pre-determined amount ofthe assigned DNA barcode. The tagging device is connected to asmartphone that authenticates the user and records the location and timeof each tagging operation on the blockchain. If the harvested materialexceeds the daily harvest plan due to favorable harvest conditions, thecrew notifies the mill to set the stage for a possible favorableexemption.

The tagging device prints the packing slip once the harvest iscollected, which the aggregator or collector then delivers to the mill.

As each load is delivered to the mill, packing slips are scanned so thedelivered quantity can be reconciled with the amount of DNA barcodeissued to each harvesting crew.

If the number of FFBs delivered significantly exceeds the daily harvestplan—which was the basis for the amount of DNA barcoding solutionissued—the lot may be rejected unless the harvesting crew notified themill of a favorable exemption that can be accounted for. This canprevent the delivery of non-conforming product.

Conformity is also achieved through a sampling plan. The system tracksloads and notifies the receiving crew when FFBs should be sampled andtested to achieve the required level of confidence for incoming productconformance Under normal operating conditions, automated sampleprocessing and test equipment will sample and test several hundred FFBsper day and record test results on the blockchain.

Step 3. “Second mile” traceability, from the first CPO destination backto the mill.

Because FFB milling is a continuous process, it is impractical—andperhaps impossible—to identify with 100% precision the exact origin ofeach CPO lot. However, it is possible to establish a link to the originof FFBs delivered to the mill on any given day. Since CPO is generallyheld at a mill for no more than 24 to 48 hours, it becomes possible tonarrow the origin to material that met conformity requirements duringthat period.

For each CPO lot that is to be tracked during shipment, a new DNAbarcode is dispensed at the mill, recorded on the blockchain, andapplied directly to the CPO at a fixed rate as the oil is loaded ontothe transport vehicle. This ensures complete mixing. Since the averageCPO yield for FFBs is known, the system has the data needed to perform amass balance for the number of FFBs delivered and amount of oil to beshipped. This additional data supports a compliance claim. The mill mustresolve any notable discrepancies to avoid a potential quarantine orderor shipping delays.

Step 4. Source and purity assurance, first destination.

In addition to source assurance, DNA barcodes can provide purityassurance. Extracting a 50 ml “ship-ahead” CPO sample and sending it tothe destination in a tamper-proof container provides a reference samplefor comparison once the shipment arrives. The verification methodaccounts for minor variations in the DNA barcode application rate andany low-level degradation that may occur between the time a barcode isapplied and when it is tested.

The system can initiate this process by generating a sample ID that isrecorded on the blockchain for future reference.

Once the CPO reaches its first destination it is sampled, tested, andcompared to the ship-ahead sample to verify the source in accordancewith the bill of lading or manifest. The purity can also be tested;adulteration of 15% or more can be detected with 95% confidence level.All results can be recorded on the blockchain.

Whenever multiple lots are consolidated, such as on a large vessel or atthe first refinery, a new DNA barcode can be dispensed and applied tothe consolidated lot. A new reference sample must be collected, and thetracking process repeats as described above.

Step 5. Additional supply chain nodes.

A new unique DNA barcode can be added to provide traceability and purityassurance along any two nodes along the supply chain as described above.

Step 6. Branded product.

The quality assurance process can be repeated to traces all processsteps, inclusive of the branded product.

The exemplary methods, process, and systems described in the aboveexamples may use a computer system for tracking the product as well asfor updating the blockchain. For example, FIG. 7 is a block diagram thatillustrates a computer system 700 upon which an embodiment of theinvention may be implemented. Computer system 700 includes a bus 702 orother communication mechanism for communicating information, and aprocessor 704 coupled with bus 702 for processing information. Processor704 may be, for example, a general purpose microprocessor.

Computer system 700 also includes a main memory 706, such as a randomaccess memory (RAM) or other dynamic storage device, coupled to bus 702for storing information and instructions to be executed by processor704. Main memory 706 also may be used for storing temporary variables orother intermediate information during execution of instructions to beexecuted by processor 704. Such instructions, when stored innon-transitory storage media accessible to processor 704, rendercomputer system 700 into a special-purpose machine that is customized toperform the operations specified in the instructions.

Computer system 700 further includes a read only memory (ROM) 708 orother static storage device coupled to bus 702 for storing staticinformation and instructions for processor 704. A storage device 710,such as a magnetic disk or optical disk, is provided and coupled to bus702 for storing information and instructions.

Computer system 700 may be coupled via bus 702 to a display 712, such asa computer monitor, for displaying information to a computer user. Aninput device 714, including alphanumeric and other keys, is coupled tobus 702 for communicating information and command selections toprocessor 704. Another type of user input device is cursor control 716,such as a mouse, a trackball, or cursor direction keys for communicatingdirection information and command selections to processor 704 and forcontrolling cursor movement on display 712. This input device typicallyhas two degrees of freedom in two axes, a first axis (e.g., x) and asecond axis (e.g., y), that allows the device to specify positions in aplane.

Computer system 700 may implement the techniques described herein usingcustomized hard-wired logic, one or more ASICs or FPGAs, firmware and/orprogram logic which in combination with the computer system causes orprograms computer system 700 to be a special-purpose machine. Accordingto one embodiment, the techniques herein are performed by computersystem 700 in response to processor 704 executing one or more sequencesof one or more instructions contained in main memory 706. Suchinstructions may be read into main memory 706 from another storagemedium, such as storage device 710. Execution of the sequences ofinstructions contained in main memory 706 causes processor 704 toperform the process steps described herein. In alternative embodiments,hard-wired circuitry may be used in place of or in combination withsoftware instructions.

The term “storage media” as used herein refers to any non-transitorymedia that store data and/or instructions that cause a machine tooperation in a specific fashion. Such storage media may comprisenon-volatile media and/or volatile media. Non-volatile media includes,for example, optical or magnetic disks, such as storage device 710.Volatile media includes dynamic memory, such as main memory 706. Commonforms of storage media include, for example, a floppy disk, flexibledisk, hard disk, solid state drive, magnetic tape, or any other magneticdata storage medium, a CD-ROM, any other optical data storage medium,any physical medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a PROM, an EPROM, aFLASH-EPROM, an NVRAM, or any other memory chip or cartridge.

Storage media is distinct from but may be used in conjunction withtransmission media. Transmission media participates in transferringinformation between storage media. For example, transmission mediaincludes coaxial cables, copper wire and fiber optics, including thewires that comprise bus 702. Transmission media can also take the formof acoustic or light waves, such as those generated during radio-waveand infra-red data communications.

Various forms of media may be involved in carrying one or more sequencesof one or more instructions to processor 704 for execution. For example,the instructions may initially be carried on a magnetic disk or solidstate drive of a remote computer. The remote computer can load theinstructions into its dynamic memory and send the instructions over anetwork connection. A modem or network interface local to computersystem 700 can receive the data. Bus 702 carries the data to main memory706, from which processor 704 retrieves and executes the instructions.The instructions received by main memory 706 may optionally be stored onstorage device 710 either before or after execution by processor 704.

Computer system 700 also includes a communication interface 718 coupledto bus 702. Communication interface 718 provides a two-way datacommunication coupling to a network link 720 that is connected to alocal network 722. For example, communication interface 718 may be anintegrated services digital network (ISDN) card, cable modem, satellitemodem, or a modem to provide a data communication connection to acorresponding type of telephone line. Wireless links may also beimplemented. In any such implementation, communication interface 718sends and receives electrical, electromagnetic or optical signals thatcarry digital data streams representing various types of information.

Network link 720 typically provides data communication through one ormore networks to other data devices. For example, network link 720 mayprovide a connection through local network 722 to a host computer 724 orto data equipment operated by an Internet Service Provider (ISP) 726.ISP 726 in turn provides data communication services through the worldwide packet data communication network now commonly referred to as the“Internet” 728. Local network 722 and Internet 728 both use electrical,electromagnetic or optical signals that carry digital data streams. Thesignals through the various networks and the signals on network link 720and through communication interface 718, which carry the digital data toand from computer system 700, are example forms of transmission media.Computer system 700 can send messages and receive data, includingprogram code, through the network(s), network link 720 and communicationinterface 718. In the Internet example, a server 730 might transmit arequested code for an application program through Internet 728, ISP 726,local network 722 and communication interface 718. The received code maybe executed by processor 704 as it is received, and/or stored in storagedevice 710, or other non-volatile storage for later execution.

Operations of processes described herein can be performed in anysuitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearlycontradicted by context. Processes described herein (or variationsand/or combinations thereof) may be performed under the control of oneor more computer systems configured with executable instructions and maybe implemented as code (e.g., executable instructions, one or morecomputer programs or one or more applications) executing collectively onone or more processors, by hardware or combinations thereof. The codemay be stored on a computer-readable storage medium, for example, in theform of a computer program comprising a plurality of instructionsexecutable by one or more processors. The computer-readable storagemedium may be non-transitory.

Conjunctive language, such as phrases of the form “at least one of A, B,and C,” or “at least one of A, B and C,” unless specifically statedotherwise or otherwise clearly contradicted by context, is otherwiseunderstood with the context as used in general to present that an item,term, etc., may be either A or B or C, or any nonempty subset of the setof A and B and C. For instance, in the illustrative example of a sethaving three members, the conjunctive phrases “at least one of A, B, andC” and “at least one of A, B and C” refer to any of the following sets:{A}, {B}, {C}, {A, B}, {A, C}, {B, C}, {A, B, C}. Thus, such conjunctivelanguage is not generally intended to imply that certain embodimentsrequire at least one of A, at least one of B and at least one of C eachto be present.

The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”)provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate embodiments ofthe invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of theinvention unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specificationshould be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essentialto the practice of the invention.

In the foregoing specification, embodiments of the invention have beendescribed with reference to numerous specific details that may vary fromimplementation to implementation. The specification and drawings are,accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictivesense. The sole and exclusive indicator of the scope of the invention,and what is intended by the applicants to be the scope of the invention,is the literal and equivalent scope of the set of claims that issue fromthis application, in the specific form in which such claims issue,including any subsequent correction.

Further embodiments can be envisioned to one of ordinary skill in theart after reading this disclosure. In other embodiments, combinations orsub-combinations of the above-disclosed invention can be advantageouslymade. The example arrangements of components are shown for purposes ofillustration and it should be understood that combinations, additions,re-arrangements, and the like are contemplated in alternativeembodiments of the present invention. Thus, while the invention has beendescribed with respect to exemplary embodiments, one skilled in the artwill recognize that numerous modifications are possible.

For example, the processes described herein may be implemented usinghardware components, software components, and/or any combinationthereof. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regardedin an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. It will, however, beevident that various modifications and changes may be made thereuntowithout departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention asset forth in the claims and that the invention is intended to cover allmodifications and equivalents within the scope of the following claims.

All references, including publications, patent applications, andpatents, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the sameextent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicatedto be incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entiretyherein.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of tracking a material in a supply chaincomprising: securely recording an application location, wherein theapplication location is a geolocatable production location at which atan application device applies a DNA taggant set to a first batch of thematerial produced by a first supplier of the material, the DNA taggantset corresponding to a tag string corresponding to the first supplier;receiving the first batch at a processing facility; determining ageographic coordinate of the geolocatable production location; comparingthe application location to the geographic coordinate; selecting asample from the first batch if the application location matches thegeographic coordinate; and testing the sample to determine a sampled DNAtaggant set.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the DNA taggant setcomprises a taggant material including at least N unique pieces of DNA,representing N digits of a barcode that identifies the first batch ofthe material and is associated with the tag string, N being a positiveinteger greater than 1, wherein each of the at least N unique pieces ofDNA represents one value of a corresponding one of the N digits, themethod further comprising: detecting detected pieces of DNA applied tothe first batch of the material; deriving a derived barcode from thedetected pieces of DNA; and comparing the derived barcode to apredetermined barcode that identifies the first batch of the material.3. The method of claim 1, wherein the DNA taggant set is applied byspraying with the application device and the application device iscapable of applying multiple DNA taggant sets.
 4. The method of claim 3,further comprising: selecting a plurality of DNA taggants to determinethe DNA taggant set.
 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising: afterapplying the DNA taggant set to the first batch of the material,selecting a second plurality of DNA taggants to determine a second DNAtaggant set and applying the second DNA taggant set to a second batch;and receiving the second batch at the processing facility.
 6. The methodof claim 1, further comprising labeling the sample selected from thefirst batch with a grade and associating the grade with the tag string.7. The method of claim 1, wherein the DNA taggant set includes at leastN unique specific target fragments of synthetic DNA, wherein each of theat least N unique specific target fragments of synthetic DNA correspondsto a first binary value of zero or a second binary value of one.
 8. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising: recording a time at which theapplication device applies the DNA taggant set to the first batch of thematerial; and verifying that the time is within an expected time range.9. A method of tracking a batch of a product from a geographicallydefined location to a processing location: providing an applicationdevice with an amount of issued DNA taggant set, based on an estimatedamount of the product to be harvested from the geographically definedlocation; applying, to the batch of the product, an applied DNA taggantset with the application device, wherein the applied DNA taggant set isfrom the amount of the issued DNA taggant set, thereby forming a taggedbatch of the product with the applied DNA taggant set applied thereon;delivering the tagged batch to the processing location; determining anexpected tag sequence for the tagged batch based on tag records; andsampling the tagged batch to identify the applied DNA taggant setapplied thereon; comparing the expected tag sequence for the taggedbatch to the applied DNA taggant set applied thereon.
 10. The method ofclaim 9, wherein the application device tracks a number of actuations,each actuation indicating issued DNA taggant set was dispensed.
 11. Themethod of claim 10, wherein the application device tracks a geographiclocation of a particular actuation.
 12. The method of claim 11, whereinthe geographic location and a time of the particular actuation isstored, the method further comprising: comparing the geographic locationand the time of the particular actuation to an expected location andexpected time.
 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the applicationdevice is wirelessly connected to a cellular device, the applicationdevice communicating the number of actuations to the cellular device.14. The method of claim 9 wherein a given DNA taggant set, of issued DNAtaggant sets and/or applied DNA taggant sets, comprises a taggantmaterial including at least N unique pieces of DNA, representing Ndigits of a first barcode, N being a positive integer greater than 1,wherein each of the at least N unique pieces of DNA represents one valueof a corresponding one of the N digits, and verifying the applied DNAtaggant set comprises: detecting applied pieces of DNA from the givenDNA taggant set, as applied; deriving a derived barcode from the appliedpieces of DNA; and comparing the derived barcode to the first barcodecorresponding to the given DNA taggant set.
 15. The method of claim 9,further comprising: processing the product to produce a liquid; adding asecond DNA taggant set to the liquid; moving the liquid to a newlocation; and sampling the liquid for a sample DNA taggant set to verifya second barcode of the sample DNA taggant set matches a barcodecorresponding to the second DNA taggant set and matches an expectedconcentration of the second DNA taggant set.
 16. A method of tracking aproduct from a geographically defined origination location to aprocessing facility using a DNA taggant set comprising a taggantmaterial including at least N unique pieces of DNA, representing Ndigits of a barcode, N being a positive integer greater than 1, whereineach of the at least N unique pieces of DNA represents one value of acorresponding one of the N digits, the method comprising: estimating anestimated amount of issued DNA taggant set based on an estimated amountof product to be produced at the geographically defined originationlocation; issuing a sprayer containing the estimated amount of issuedDNA taggant set, the issued DNA taggant set having a correspondingissued barcode; applying, by actuating the sprayer, the issued DNAtaggant set to the product, the sprayer tracking a time and a locationof an actuation of the sprayer by storing the time and location in adatabase; verifying the location is within the geographically definedorigination location; verifying the time is within an expected timerange; delivering the product to a processing location, with an appliedDNA taggant set; and verifying that a corresponding barcodecorresponding to the applied DNA taggant set matches an issued barcodeof the issued DNA taggant set.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein thesprayer uses a cellular device to transmit the time and the location.18. The method of claim 17, wherein the sprayer is connected to thecellular device using a Bluetooth connection.
 19. The method of claim16, wherein the product is palm fruit and the processing location is amill that issues the sprayer.